Comparative study of Thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen On Bernerard Shaw

Comparative study of Thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen On Bernerard Shaw Free Online Research Papers Abstract Ibsen, father of the modern drama, has influenced other playwrights not only in Scandinavia but also in all over the Europe. George Bernard Shaw is one of the greatest playwrights in the word that has been influenced by Ibsens novelty of techniques in drama. Ibsen was important to Shaw not just as a socialist, social philosopher and not exclusively because of his ideas but in wide variety of ways. This paper is a comparative study of thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen on mature Shaw. The main notification of this paper is to back up thematic influence of Ibsen on Shaw by finding the same ideas and themes in Ibsens famous play, A Dolls House, then comparing them with ideas in Shaws play, Candida. Although some Shaws critics deny that his mind was full of Ibsen, this paper challenges to prove that Shaw frequently employed Ibsens characters, problems and themes fairly in his own style and fashion. **** 1. Introduction Ibsens twenty-six plays during fifty years of writing inspired subsequent drama so purposefully that gained him the reputation of father of the modern drama. His significance was attributed to introducing the social play and realistic problem play to the stage of theater. Ibsens realistic problem play and his interest in socialism and feminism makes him one of the most continually played dramatists that had unquestionable influence on following dramatists. It seems that Bernard Shaw was the best one to pursue Ibsens problem play. Shaw transformed English theater of romantic conventions of later dramatists plays called well made plays, into theater of ideas. To Shaw the importance of great poets as Shakespeare who understood society and its implications, but writer in typical vein, is less meaningful than utilitarian talent. A Dolls House said Shaw will be as flat as ditchwater when Midsummer Night Dream will still be as flesh as paint, but it will have done more work for world and that’s enough for highest genius. Although Ibsens scholars show a little awareness of similarities between Shaw and their playwrights, the ideological influence of Ibsen on Shaw can not be neglected. The trace of Ibsenism can be followed in Shaws style, characterization and more strongly in his ideas and themes. What is important is the fact that Shaw without Ibsen couldn’t be Bernard Shaw that we know today. Shaws critics believe that Marx influenced him socially and Ibsen helped bring together his aesthetical and social views. Shaw admired Ibsens psychological symbolic drama and said that: If my head not been full of Ibsen, I should have less amusing. The structural and thematic influences of Ibsens play are limited in several Shaws plays. Although Shaw mentioned that some of his plays due nothing to Ibsen and even some of them were written when Shaw did know nothing about Ibsen, there are a lot of clues that some socialistic and feministic ideas that helped to shape Shaws ideas originated from Ibsen. Shaw wrote to Daily Chronicle on the question that whether his dramatic works were due to the influence of Ibsen and De Maupassant: do not let us the cry of Ibsen whenever we find a modern idea in a play. After Shaws acquaintance with Ibsen, his ideas flow his way toward what was in the mind of Ibsen. Therefore Shaws latter plays are touched Ibsens idea, and the presence of Ibsens effect on Shaws literary themes is undeniable. 2. Comparing the Plots: Women in Dilemma Since this paper intends to challenge thematic influence of Ibsen on Bernard Shaw, two plays, A Dolls House and Candida are chosen to prove this claim. Nora Helmer, heroine in Ibsens play, is a quiet immature woman who suddenly recognizes that her martial situation happens to be a life lie. Finding the truth in her marriage life, she struggles to find her liberty and she knows that she have to experience real life to gain her freedom. Thus, she is in dilemma to leave her ingratitude husband and her family behind to gain experience or continue living in a home where she is treated like a doll in. Finally, she decides to choose a proper way and sets herself free from the bounds to assure discovering herself. Bernard Shaw made some comment about Nora: The moment she [Nora] leaves her home is the moment her life begins. The idea of a modern woman in dilemma of finding truth about herself and to be loyal to the norms and conventions of the society first introduced by Ibsen in his plays while years later Shaw proposed it skillfully and more evolved in different situation in his dramas. Shaws Candida is set with the parallel story and theme that is upside down with Ibsens. Candida is a name for a woman who is in dilemma of choosing between her husband and a lover. Shaw himself in a note to London performance of Candida wrote: The surprise in Candida a counterblast to Ibsens A Dolls House, showing that in a real typical Dolls House it is a man who is doll. After A Dolls House is the reverse of Candida. 3. Emancipated Woman The emancipated woman is a theme Ibsen was greatly involved with in his works. Women in major works of Ibsen like Rebecca West in Rosemersholm, Loan Hessel in Pillars of Society and Nora Helmer in A Dolls House are figures regarded as emancipated women in different levels. Nora Helmer is a typical Ibsens character of nineteen century middle class family who sacrifices herself to save her husbands life, but her husband doesn’t care for her sacrifice. Nora who has been treated like a doll in her marriage life awakens at the end of the play and finds herself tied to family bounds and conventional duties of a wife imposed upon her by society and the male dominated society. Ibsen proposes the idea when Nora is in a big dilemma of setting herself free from bounds of family conventions to experience real life and discovering truth about self, or staying at the same house with his family. Attacking the conventional standards of the society, Ibsen shows the process of emancipation of a woman when Nora finally decides to set her journey up to leave family and discover the truth about herself. Ibsen himself in a note about this play says: A woman can not be herself in contemporary society, it is an exclusive male society with law drafted by men, and with counsel and judges who judge feminine conduct from the male point of view. Shaw was got interested in plays of his Norwegian counterpart specially A Dolls House because he was considering them as modern play. He loved the discussion scene at the end of the play and utilized it in his drama, Candida. Nora and Candida has many characteristic in common. Later is considered as an emancipated woman because she is a wise man with great soul who tries to offer love to a young poet in order to make him abandon the impure love of another bad woman; however, the society and her husband do not accept this innocent mocking love. Her goodness and purity leads her to search for reality and truth in her life when she is in dilemma of choosing her lover and her husband. Informed of the striking similarities between his drama and Ibsens as a result of influence, Shaw wrote in a note to London production of Candida the following: The surprise in Candida forty years ago was its turning the table on A Dolls House. For though the cards aren’t packed against the husband as they were in Ibsens play, and he is questionably a genuine good fellow of high character and unselfish spirit, yet it is shown irresistibly that domestically he is the poet and doll, and that is his wife who runs the establishment and makes all his public triumph possible. Confessing that his drama, Candida, is a counterblast to Ibsens A Dolls House, Shaw put a woman on the stage who is resemblance to Nora in the way she is in dilemma about choosing and she finds out truths about her marriage life. The only difference is that this is Marchbanks, the young poet, who lives the house at night. Both women characters in the plays are in dilemma of opposing norms and conventions of society and marriage to find their identity and know themselves or stick on to their life lie. Therefore, Shaw’s connection to Ibsen and his influence on Shaws ideas and thoughts is vivid both in characterization and in themes. 4. Unwomanly Woman Shaw in his book Quintessence of Ibsenism mentions some points about technical novelty in Ibsens plays and using conflicts of characters for special purposes in his plays. Bernard Shaw is concerned with the external, social conflict between characters instead of tension and internal struggle that we see in most of Ibsens work. According to Shaw the dramas rise through a conflict of ideas rather than a misunderstanding, ambiguity, treachery or ambitions and conflict is not always between the hero and villain, as you see in Candida or A Dolls House there is no obvious hero or villain. Of course Shaw does not see the plays of Ibsen as a kind of socialist judgment on marriage law or the position of women, but he believes that external conflicts of characters are very noticeable because they show their struggle toward their aims that are freedom and liberty. Shaw continues in his book that his Norwegian counterparts typical play is one in which the leading woman is an unwomanly woman and the villain is an idealist. What is presumed from his statements is that Ibsen is imprecisely turning the norms and conventions of the society, surrounding the life a woman, overturned. To understand Ibsens image of an Unwomanly Woman one must think over his definition about Womanly Woman that can elaborate the concept of New Woman. A Womanly Woman is one who rejects her womanliness and clinches to her duty to her husband, children, to the society, to the law and everyone except herself. Thus, the woman is an immediate slave of duty and an indirect slave of man. The ideal woman is one who does everything that the ideal husband likes and if a woman dares face to fact that she is treated like this, as a doll like Nora, she either opposes herself or almost rebels like most of Ibsens women characters. Unwomanly Woman, on the other hand, is the emancipated woman who has revolt against the conventional family and marriage life and worst than all against a male dominated society. Shaw in his lecture to Fabian society about a woman with the same name of Womanly Woman mentions the same point: Womans duty to herself is no duty at all, therefore woman has repudiated altogether. In that repudiation lays her freedom; for it is false to say that woman is now directly the salve of man: she is immediate slave of duty; and as mans pass to freedom is strewn with the wreckage of duties and ideals he has trampled on, so must hers be. Ibsen, of course, doesn’t look forward to that all women like Nora should act what she did, but he intends to show that the position of women in the society is going to find a new aspect. The concept of Unwomanly Woman or new woman is surely a major theme in Shaws major works specially Candida that is a result of Ibsens impact on Shaws idea. Candida, as Shaw describes her, is a woman of thirty, well built, well nourished, likely on guesses to become matronly later on, but now quiet on her best with double charm of youth and motherhood. She is the best wife for a person like Morell, but he is not the best husband for her and this is all that Marchbanks, her lover, wants to say. Morell who is a preacher speaks rather than listen, so he understands less than a man should. In the second act when Candida talks to Morell taking into account her regret that she couldn’t teach love to Marchbanks, she realizes that her husband understands nothing from her words. Candida: Don’t you understand? (He shakes his hand. She turns to him again, so as explain with the fondest intimacy) I mean, will he forgive me for not teaching him myself? For abandoning him to the bad woman for the sake of my goodness, of my purity, as you call it? Ah James how little you understand me, to talk of your confidence in my goodness and purity! I would give them both to poor Eugene [Marchbanks] as willingly as I would give him my shawl to beggar dying of cold, if there were nothing else to restrain me. Put your trust in my love for you, James; for if that went, I should care very little for your sermons: more phrases that you cheat yourself and others with everyday. ( she is about to rise). Morell: His words Candida: (checking herself quickly in the act of getting up) whose words? Morell: Eugenes Candida: (delighted) He is always right. He understands you, he understands me; He understands Prossy; and you darling, you understand nothing. Candida offers Eugene pure motherhood love which symbolizes with the clothes that she endows to beggar to protect him from dying of cold; Although, society doesn’t differentiate pure motherhood love with the other ones. As one can grasp from comparison, Ibsen is significant to Shaw for many reasons. The best ones are ideas concerning exploiting women and the right to live ones own life for women which are originally offered by Ibsen and valued by Shaw skillfully. 5. Criticizing Idealism Considering marriage community, Bernard Shaw in his book about Ibsen, Quintessence of Ibsenism, categories people into three different groups. Counting them out of one thousand, he set seven hundreds in Philistine seat, those who are satisfied with their marriage life, two hundreds ninety nine are called realists and just one remains as an idealist. In both plays there are list of characters that can be ranked as mentioned above. Helmer and Trovald both are idealist men when Nora and Candida can be called Philistine at the beginning of the play because at the end they are enlightened. Mrs. Linde in A Dolls House, and Marchbanks in Candida both are realists who see the truth. Mrs. Linde doesn’t let Korgstad to take his letter back and Noras secret is divulged to Trovald and Marchbanks is a lover who believes Morell doesn’t deserve such a good wife as Candid. Presence of two idealist husbands in both plays by Shaw and Ibsen besides characters that can be labeled Philistines and realists show the striking ideological similarities between dramatists. However this can be considered as firm evidence to prove that notion that Shaw has borrowed the idea from Ibsen originally and furnished it skillfully with a theoretical assumption in a book contains studying Ibsen. In both plays, Candida and A Dolls House, husbands are described idealist men who evidently powerful manly husbands are offering their protection and support to their wives although reality is totally different. At the end of the play they both figure out that they are neither powerful nor protective or even supportive. Torvald at the last act of the play says Nora: only lean on me †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I have wings to shield you. The dramatic irony expressed by Ibsen has its clue in the first act when Nora explains Mrs. Linde that how painful and humiliating it would be for her husband, Trovald, with his manly self-sufficiency to know that he awed anything to her. In the other hand, Morell offers more or less the same protection to his wife Cnadida, telling her: Morell: I have nothing to offer you but my strength for your defense, my honesty for your surety, my ability and industry for your livelihood, and my authority and position for your dignity. This is all becomes a man to offer to woman. Shaw uses the situational irony at the end of the play when Candida announces that she intends to devote herself to the weaker man because he needs protection and that is her husband, Morell. Shaw has used the same idea of attacking an idealist at the end of the play when Morell finds out that he has been chosen not because of his manly offer but because his wife considers him weaker and deserves sympathy and protection. The way the both plays end is another validation to prove the claim for thematic influence of Ibsen on Shaw. The curtains are down in both plays sooner than a discussion scene told by women appears as regularly at the end of each play concerning the weakness of an idealist husband. The scene is followed by leaving a character at night to seek his or her identity outside the conventional world of family. Nora finds out truth about her life and leaves the family to search the reality. At the same time, Shaw describes Marchbanks departure at night to find truth with a secret in his heart. As a result, as we have seen Ibsens play clearly is served as one of Shaws models to write Candida. William Raymond about the end of the play declares that: A major weakness in Candida I feel, is that Marchbanks transformation at the end of the play is too abrupt; it isn’t easy for us to accept, on the basis of what he has gone before his declaration in act three. I no longer desire happiness an d his decision to gout into the night. The explanation of this abruptness could have something to do with Ibsen. Shaw himself at the end of his preface to three plays for puritans declares, I am a crow who has followed many ploughs. He continues that he is echoing Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Ibsen, Tolstoy and some other heresiarch in Europe. End Notes Bernard Dukore,(ed), Mac Graw Hill, Encyclopedia of world drama, Vol.23, New York, 1946, pp. 338-421. J.L.Wisenthal, Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 38. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, p. J.L.Wisenthal, Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 52. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, p. 68. Warren. S. Smith, Bernard Shaws plays with background and criticism, Norton critical edition, New York, 1970, p. John Northan, Ibsen, A critical study: A Doll’s House Characterization, Cambridge universitypress, London, 1973, p.42-50 James Macfarlane, The Cambridge companion of Ibsen, Cambridge university press, London, 1994, p. 79. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, pp. 52-63 .L.Wisenthal, Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 98. Edward R. Pease, The History of Fabian Society, The Hamlyn Publishing group, London, 1975. George Bernard Shaw, Candida, acII, p.23 Krogstad is a lawyer who went to school with Torvald and holds a subordinate position at Torvalds bank. He is a man from whom Nora has borrowed money to save her husband but her forgery is reported to Torvald by Korgstad who asks Nora to enforce her husband to overlook his forgery at the bank. Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House, act II, p. 66 George Bernard Shaw, Candida, acII, p.26 Raymond Williams, Modern Tragedy, Stanford University press, California, 1985, p.15. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, pp. 79-92 References Bradbrook, Muried, Ibsen the Norwegian, New Edition, Hamden and Conn press, London, 1965. Brandet, George.W.,(ed). Modern Theories of Drama. A selection of writing drama and theory by different writers, Oxford university press, London, 1990. Bernard Dukore,(ed), Mac Graw Hill, Encyclopedia of world drama, Vol.23, New York, 1946, pp. 338-421. Davidson, Clifford, (ed). Drama in Twenties century, comparative and critical essays by different essayists, A.M.S press, New York, 1984. Ibsen, Henrik, A Doll’s House, Prestwick House Literary Touchstone Press, London, 1910. Innes. C.D.,The Cambridge companion to George Bernard Shaw, Cambridge university press, London,1998. Lyons, Charles, R., ed. Critical Essays on Henrik Ibsen, Princeton hall, 1963. Macfarlane, James, The Cambridge companion of Ibsen, Cambridge university press, London, 1994, p. 79. Northan, John, Ibsen, A critical study, Cambridge university press, London, 1973. Nickson, Richard, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, p. 68-83. Richards, Shaun, Cambridge companion to twentieth-century Irish drama, Cambridge university press, London, 2004. Shaw, G.B, Candida, Penguin books Ltd, New York, 1952. Smith, Warren. S., Bernard Shaws plays with background and criticism, Norton critical edition, New York, 1970. Wisenthal, L., Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 38.189 Williams, Raymond, Modern Tragedy, Stanford University Press, California, 1985, pp.15-64 -, Drama from Ibsen to Brechet, Penguin books, New York, 1983. Research Papers on Comparative study of Thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen On Bernerard ShawHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of UnemploymentUnemployment is a form of manifestation of macroeconomic instability expressed in excess of supply over demand of labor, when the economically active population is not engaged in economic activity in the country despite active search for job and willingness to work. Obviously, with the incomplete use of the available manpower resources economic system works not reaching its production capacity limits, and any economic growth in the country is out of the question. Thus, unemployment entails a significant reduction in potential gross product and national income. According to Okun’s law the increase in actual unemployment by 1% compared to its natural rate leads to 2.5% loss of GNP, which further manifests in the reduction of total consumption, savings and investment, general increase of social burden and uneven distribution of unemployment costs among different population groups, and overall reduction of households’ welfar e (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 82). In addition, the rise in unemployment causes worsening of crime situation, worsening of growth dynamics of public interest in labor, as well as loss of qualifications of able-bodied citizens.By the end of 2013 there were nearly 202 million unemployed in the world, that is, about five million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 90). This especially harmed 74.5 million young people aged 15 to 24, which is a million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 91). If governments continue to do nothing and do not deal with the crisis of youth employment, stagnant unemployment and other problems of the labor market, this may lead to further social tensions. Thus, unemployment is currently one of the most serious challenges that contemporary economies must overcome. Further in this paper, we will examine the main types of unemployment and produce recommendations on preventing the development of factors causing them.Major types of une mploymentAll working-age population that is not working, but is looking for job is considered unemployed. The criteria for distinguishing the types of unemployment, as a rule, are the reasons for it.Thus, involuntary or unemployment of expectations occurs when an employee is able and willing to work at a given wage, but cannot find a job. The reason is the imbalance in the labor market due to the inflexibility of wages (due to laws on minimum wages, trade union demands, raising wages to improve the quality of labor, etc.). When the real wage is above the level corresponding to the balance of supply and demand, labor supply exceeds demand. Number of applicants for a limited number of jobs increases, and the chance of real employment decreases, which increases unemployment rate. Varieties of involuntary unemployment include cyclic (caused by repetitive production decline in the country or region), seasonal (depends on fluctuations in the level of economic activity during the year, cha racteristic of some specific sectors of the economy), and technological (related to mechanization and automation of production, which resulted in part of labor power becoming superfluous, or requiring a higher skill level (Verhaar Jansma, 2014). In turn, voluntary unemployment is related to the reluctance of people to work, for example under conditions of reduced wages. Voluntary unemployment increases during economic boom and decreases in recession. Also, there is a concept of â€Å"unemployment trap†, when a person’s income do not differ much, regardless of whether one works or not (due to deprivation of the right to appropriate compensation and fringe benefits, as well as significant payments of insurance premiums, etc.), which reduces a person’s interest to employment (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 128).One of the key types of unemployment is structural unemployment which is caused by structural changes in the economy, such as changes in the structure of demand for products of different industries, consumer goods and production technologies, elimination of obsolete industries and professions (Nattrass, 2014). As a result, the structural mismatch occurs between the skills of the unemployed and demands of the available vacancies. This means that people who have a profession and skill levels that do not meet modern requirements and current industry structure, being laid off, cannot find a job. Together with frictional unemployment, structural unemployment forms a natural unemployment, which is compatible with the state of full employment, and the actual amount of production in this case is equal to the potential (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 98). Here, frictional unemployment implies unemployment associated with the process of changing jobs, i.e. voluntary abandonment of one job and the search for another. Frictional unemployed include the dismissed or ones who quit their job, pending restoring at previous job or having found a new job, but who have not started it. Frictional unemployment is a phenomenon not only inevitable but also desirable, as it promotes a more rational allocation of labor and higher productivity.In addition, OECD experts (2010) distinguish institutional unemployment emerging in the case of state or unions intervention in setting the size of wage rates that differ from those that could be generated in the natural market economy, as well as marginal unemployment of poorly protected population layers and the lower classes, in particular unemployment among women, youth unemployment in a group of 18-25-year-olds, and unemployment among people with disabilities. Another serious problem is the presence of hidden unemployment as opposed to registered one, when the unemployment of potential workers is not reflected in official statistics. For example, as a result of production decline, labor force is often not used fully, but is not dismissed either. In latent unemployment, formally employed actually become u nemployed persons. In addition, there is a separate layer of individuals wanting to work, but not registered as unemployed. Partly, hidden unemployment is represented by people who stopped looking for work (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 156).The reduction of unemployment is an extremely challenging task namely due to the existence of a variety of its types. Theoretically, it is not possible to develop a common way of dealing with unemployment, and therefore any state is forced to use different methods to solve this problem, some of which are discussed below.Overcoming unemploymentCommon to all types of unemployment measures include creation of new jobs by stimulating small and large businesses, and establishment of labor exchanges and other types of employment services (Verhaar Jansma, 2014; OECD, 2010; Blustein et al., 2012). However, in general, effective implementation of methods to overcome unemployment requires identifying the factors that determine the supply and demand of labor for each particular form of unemployment.Thus, for example, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this (OECD, 2010, p. 41). It is obvious that if the unemployed does not have information on existing vacancies, one cannot get a job. To solve this problem there are labor exchanges, employment centers and other similar private or public organizations. Equally important are the systematic studies of the labor market, including the study of the structure of employment in the labor market of public entities, registered unemployment problems, problems of interaction between employees and employers, employment problems of certain categories of the population, organizational problems of employment service and its individual directions. In addition, various job fairs, open days and similar events can be held to increase awareness.Fighting structural unemployment involves transformation of more complex mechanisms like providing opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as protectionist measures to protect the domestic market (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010). In particular, protectionist measures help protect undeveloped and inefficient sectors of the economy of the country, reducing unemployment caused by the defeat of the enterprises in the competition. At the same time, as Blustein et al. (2012, p. 349) rightly note, this eventually reduces the competitiveness of national companies, undermines international trade, and monopolizes production leading to various negative consequences for the economy. Therefore, more efficient are the methods of economic diplomacy that also focuses on the development of the domestic market, but alongside is promoting national products in the foreign market, supporting investment projects in other countries and attracting foreign investment, providing the best terms of trade in fo reign markets (McBride Mustchin, 2013; OECD, 2010).In addition, the development of vocational education and training of public services allows workers to improve their skills, thereby adapting them to changes in the labor market. Particular attention should be paid to scarce occupations and professions (McBride Mustchin, 2013, p. 346). The disadvantage of this method is that it does not give quick results and increases inequality among workers, since the probability to get education increases in accord with the current job position (Nattrass, 2014, p. 92). Besides, unemployment caused by the decline in production and a sharp increase in the working population cannot be reduced in this way (OECD, 2010, p. 45).The major means of combating cyclical unemployment are implementation of stabilization policy aimed at preventing the deep recessions of production and, consequently, mass unemployment, as well as creation of additional jobs in the public sector (McBride Mustchin, 2013; Blust ein et al., 2012). Direct job creation through public spending is often formed by execution of public interest work, for example, in the field of environmental protection, road and railway construction, clearing debris from places of residence and so on. This approach is part of the Keynesian model of the economy, and it proved to be effective during the Great Depression in the United States. In total, in the 1933-1939 in the United States the number of employees in public works for the construction of canals, roads, and bridges reached 4 million people (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 183).An important aspect in overcoming unemployment, particularly voluntary and hidden, is holding indirect labor market policy aimed at the formation of a certain attitude to unemployment in society, and smoothing its negative effects, as McBride and Mustchin (2013, p. 343) mark. Administrative employment regulation should include the ensuring of legal protection of employees, using of alternative forms of employment, developing unemployment insurance system, simplifying registration of the unemployed at employment services, strengthening guarantees in terms of payment for work and addressing arrears of wages, as well as introduction of effective protection system for wage workers through the mechanism of social partnership (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010; Nattrass, 2014). Here, in addition of flexible and non-traditional forms of employment providing the possibility or works to choose the optimal working schedule, it is also necessary to use the world experience of job-sharing and work-sharing in time and space. In turn, the system of social partnership is designed to provide negotiation to determine the minimum wage, and in some cases – to establish criteria for increasing wages at the industry or company level within the framework of the national policy of income and employment.ConclusionSince unemployment is a serious macroeconomic problem and an indicator of macroecono mic instability, the state must take measures to fight it. However, ways to overcome unemployment are directly depend on the unemployment types, because they are caused by different reasons. In our view, the factor-based policy is one of the most effective, as it interprets unemployment in the full range of its manifestations. In particular, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this, while structural unemployment involves the provision of wide opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as economic diplomacy measures aimed at domestic market protection and attraction of investments. Cyclical and hidden unemployment could be prevented through the mechanism of administrative regulation, development of social partnership system and creation of additional jobs in the public sector.At the same time, individual events cannot complet ely eliminate the risk of unemployment and its growth: this can be achieved only in the overall improvement of the economic situation in the country. Therefore, the national policy to combat unemployment should focus on the long term, providing not only population employment, but also stable economic growth.

What factors determines use of a certain device Research Proposal

What factors determines use of a certain device - Research Proposal Example The independent variable will be measured using the coefficient associated with regression of the objector data to be measured. According to Marshall, Data will be collected using mixed methods approach. Data collection tools will include: Key informant interviews, observation and questionnaires. An example of the questions that will be asked involves, According to Ingersoll, Data will be analyzed using contingent tables. The application of the chi-square statistic is used to assess the relationship between the two variables. The investigator takes the observed frequency (O) and compares it to the expected frequency (E) and combined using the following formula. The importance of this study is to understand the factors that determine the use of a device. The results of this study will confirm the already existing data, add to that data or provide new knowledge in the field. This will promote more research in the field and the public and the government will be more interested to know the findings. The plan for this project is as follows: presentation of the research topic, preparation and presentation of the proposal, data collection, data analysis, documentation and final presentation of the