The help movie analysis essay: 2019

Thursday, December 26, 2019

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3504 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Contemporary Developments in Business and Management: Case of GlaxoSmithKline Summary: GlaxoSmithKlineÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s major strength is its huge resource base and capital as the worldÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest pharmaceutical company. Whilst the company remains a success in a market that is constantly growing, the company is threatened by the reduction in patent lengths which have traditionally been the basis for increased sales. Some steps have been taken in order to change research practices and improve creativity in order to create new drugs and product lines, and success in many areas has been achieved. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary Developments in Business and Management" essay for you Create order However, more focus on biotechnology fields and less reliance on acquisitions is needed to push the company forward and reduce the pressure of shorter product life spans. If this can be achieved then the future of GSK looks extremely bright. Introduction Contemporary developments in business and management are now crucial to the success of many companies, in particular those larger organisations who rely on a complex chain of command and processes in order to function at maximum efficiency. With such a range of factors involved in business and management strategy, it is important to analyse these factors in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a business. This report focuses on these issues with regards to the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. With such a large company as GlaxoSmithKline, the focus will remain on the medical division of the company rather than any other part, in order to avoid crossover between unrelated industries. The first section of the r eport will contain both a SWOT and PESTEL analysis of the factors affecting the company. The second part will look at the nature of corporate learning and creativity with regards to GlaxoSmithKline, and how their policies on Research and Development (RD) affect their business and management decisions. The aim is to find understand the factors affecting the company, and to recommend changes that could help to improve the efficiency of the business in certain areas. Main Body Part 1: PESTEL and SWOT analysis of GlaxoSmithKline In order to understand the full range of factors affecting a company like GlaxoSmithKline, we need to divide the factors up into internal and external factors. The internal factors of GlaxoSmithKline can be analysed using a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. The external factors will be looked at by means of a PEST (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal) analysis. SWOT analysis GlaxoSmithKl ineÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strengths clearly lie in its size as a company, being the largest pharmaceutical company in the entire world since the merger between Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham in 2000. With such a massive resource base as this, GSK has the advantage over its competitors. Perhaps the biggest strength they have in this respect is the advantage of patents. Huge amounts of money are needed to overcome the regulations required to approve drug patents, and being the company with the most resources means GSK are poised to get the rights for many drugs. These patents have helped GSK to increase its revenues, with examples over the last few years including the asthma drug Advair and the diabetes drug Avandia. GSK have the patents to both of these drugs, and this has seen sales skyrocket over the past few years. Indeed, Advair came from nowhere in 2000 to become the US market leader a few years later, with sales of Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £1.6 billion in 2002 (Maynard, 2004). Other patente d drugs such as Wellbutin and Combivir are also examples of the strengths of patent protection that GSK enjoys. Although patents generally only last for a certain amount of time for drugs, with their large capital resources GSK are also primed to develop new products in their RD labs. In 2004 GSK held an RD day where it was reported they were working on 147 new pharmaceutical projects, 82 of which were completely new compounds (www.gsk.com). Although many of these will not work out, the sheer scale with which GSK can conduct research using some of the leading experts in the field means they are the most likely to develop the leading drugs of the future. In terms of weaknesses, GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main internal weaknesses are to do with management control and circle of competence issues. One of the main criticisms levelled at GSK is their image as a Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fat-catÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ management company. GSK boss Jean-Pierre Garnier saw his wage rise to nearly 25% to Ãƒ â€šÃ‚ £967,000 in 2002, and many were worried about the amount of control and accountability of such bosses (Maynard, 2004). However, GSK has gone some way to reduce these weaknesses by reducing contract notice periods and changing remuneration packages of some executive staff. Another weakness of GSK concerns its circle of competence. Whilst it is clear that GSK is doing extremely well and overall is in a very healthy position, it is hard to understand details within the firm. Analysis of the various patents and research projects of GSK is extremely difficult, as is keeping an eye on all the major rivals and drugs of other companies. GSK is not in a particularly good position to change quickly with the market, particularly as it is hard to predict if and when certain projects and patents will fail. Other issues include the prevalence of corporate activity within GSK. Although mergers have helped keep growth high, these mergers always carry a risk and cost-cutting can only hel p to a certain extent. Although new acquisitions at this point look less likely, if the research labs fail to help boost sales then other corporate activity could ensue. The main opportunities for GSK lie in the sustainability of current patents through development of new product lines, and the creation of new drugs to stay ahead of the field. Also, the move into new and emerging markets in Asia such as China. However, new Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"blockbusterÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ drugs and sustainability of current patents remains the key. The main areas of growth are in markets such as cancer and diabetes drugs, where drugs such as Cervarix (a drug against cancer-causing HPVÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s) are potential winners in 2007 and beyond (Bio Portfolio, 2007). Both of these markets are growing because of the increase in prevalence of the diseases, particularly in terms of diabetes. GSK had no real program regarding diabetes 10 years ago, but now has a fully fledged research program dedicated to Type 2 diabetes drugs (Heffner, 2004). Equally, the internal threats to GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success are the ability to develop new drugs as well as sustaining current patents. Once patents are lost and other companies can release generic versions of a drug, sales can dramatically fall away. For instance, in 2002 GSK lost the patent for an antibiotic called Augmentin, and sales dropped from Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £403 million in 2001 to Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £218 in 2003 with the release of generic substitutes as competition (Maynard, 2004). Many of GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s other patents are under threat, including drugs such as Wellbutin and Seroxat. If Glaxo loses such patents then it will need to develop new product lines or other completely new drugs to stay ahead. For example, after the removal of the Augmentin patent, GSK released new ES and XR varieties of the drug which accounted for 35% of new prescriptions. However, the development of new drugs and the ability to stay ahead of the game wi th new product lines is never certain. GSK has put a lot of faith in their ability to develop these new products and keep the patents. If they cannot do this then patent and research issues will become a major threat to success for GSK. PEST EL analysis Now that the internal factors affecting GSK have been looked at, the external factors will be analysed using a PESTEL analysis. In terms of political issues, GSK has the same problem as most other pharmaceutical companies, namely the issue of governmental intervention. However, as such a large company GSK probably has to deal with this issue more than any, due to its potential threats to competition through market dominance. The intervention of governments reduces the price that can be charged for certain products and also puts caps on supply and demand. Another factor to consider in political terms is the governmental systems themselves. In countries such as the UK, healthcare spending is determined by tax and government sp ending. This means even if GSK develops an excellent product, it is not always possible to sell the product effectively in all countries where it is needed. The biggest economic factor is the amount of money available for health care in any given place. The nine most profitable markets that spend large amounts of pharmaceuticals are dictating 80% of industry growth. Whilst emerging markets such as South America and Asia have the funding in place to spend large amounts of high price drugs, poorer areas like Africa limit the growth of global pharmaceuticals, which affects companies like GSK. Social factors are now playing a more important part in the industry, with consumers now more interested than ever in their healthcare treatments. There is now more choice in over-the-counter drugs and certain niche areas are developing Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" items such as slimming drugs for instance. This has caused a shift in marketing from targeting the doctors and healthcare professionals to more direct consumer marketing. Branding of drugs is becoming more important, and so GSK must make sure its focus shifts to consumer marketing. Also, as the population ages the demand for drugs associated with conditions more prevalent in old-age will increase. This will generally increase the overall demand for drugs, as the older age market segments consume higher levels of pharmaceuticals than other segments. Technology is reducing the power of manufacturers whilst increasing the power of buyers and consumers. The Internet and other resources allow society to find out more information on lower-priced treatments, thereby reducing the power of manufacturers to charge high prices for their products. Technology is also affecting the products and direction of research within companies such as GSK. Biotechnology is becoming more important, and may become a critical factor in the future success of GSK. These new processes and the way in which companies embrace the technology will be the keys to success or failure for many large pharmaceutical companies. As societal awareness increases of environmental issues, it makes the regulations for pharmaceutical companies stricter. Issues of human and animal testing are now critical, as is the disposal of laboratory waste. GSK will need to ensure that environmental issues are at the forefront of management decisions so that the company does not face the wrath of both regulatory bodies and the consumers. Environmental legislation is not the only issue to worry about in legal terms. Regulatory bodies are putting measures in place worldwide that are starting to increase drug development times considerably. With the number of product trials increasing, development costs are going up and patent protections are now running out very early into the life cycle of a product. Companies are now focusing on High Compression Marketing in order to make the most profit at launch to combat the problem of short life cycles. Also , with patents being challenged more regularly, the pressure on GSK to develop new drugs and product lines more quickly is increasing all the time. Part 2: How research and development and creativity influence policy decisions within GlaxoSmithKline Now that the internal and external factors affecting GSK have been analysed, it is time to look in more detail at how issues of corporate learning, research and creativity affect decision making processes within GlaxoSmithKline. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of the organisationÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s response Demonstrate some areas for improvement in the response of the organisation As previously mentioned, with patents on pharmaceutical products now running out faster than ever, one of the critical factors for the future success of GSK and other pharmaceutical companies is the ability to develop new drugs and product lines. With this in mind, creativity and research now have a huge influence on the policies and managements decisions within GlaxoSmithKline. In response to the change in the market, GSK have implemented a number of research decisions in order to boost future success. GSK were originally a company who used their wide array of patents to generate large amounts of profit, and the need for new drugs was less of a concern. However, as patents are now fading away, GSK has become a far more research-based pharmaceutical company, and has literally hundreds of research projects currently in development. With the average cost and time for a new medicine running at around Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £500 million and 12-15 years, GSK are spending vast sums of money in order to remain ahead of the competition. With the development of new technology, GSK have restructured their RD facilities to move along the lines of a Biotech company rather than a traditional pharmaceuticals company. Now with 6 different autonomous and accountable research divisions, GSK has made the decision that the creativity of new products is the most crucial factor for future success. This move towards biotechnology is designed to increase the productivity of the research departments and further fuel creativity within the company (Dorey, 2001). The idea behind the biotechnology principle is that peopleÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rewards are far more tied to the level of work they put in; such is the entrepreneurial spirit behind such companies. The idea is that each of the research divisions acts as a small company, thereby increasing the inventiveness and hunger of staff and researchers seems to be the right way forward for GSK. Increasing the size of RD functions may work in the ory in terms of economies of scale, but you can lose much of the creativity with this method. Therefore, splitting up the research into smaller companies with entrepreneurial drive is a far more effective way of producing new products successfully. The research units were created around 5-6 years ago, and are labelled as Centres of Excellence for Drug Discovery. All the units compete for funding and will develop drugs up until the clinical development stage, at which point they will be handed back to the main arm of GSK. This allows the crucial factors of high throughput level and combinatorial chemistry to be supplied at the corporate level, thereby improving efficiency and booting creativity. The bureaucracy is left to the main arm of GSK, thereby allowing the researchers to get on with what they do best Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" creating new products for the market (Dorey, 2001). However, it is not clear whether GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success over the last few years is down to thi s new research platform or more down to its ability to seek out and buy the best new drugs research around. Whilst some important drugs are coming out of the GSK labs, such as the new cancer drug Cervarix, many of the companyÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recent successes have come through the acquisition of other companies. For instance, in 2005 GSK purchased Corixa, a company which had the rights to a crucial component of the Cervarix formula. Purchase of the company also helped massively increase GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vaccine research platform. The purchase of Domantis has also been crucial, adding an anti-body research unit to GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s centres of excellence. Although these can all be classed as research successes for GSK and excellent management decisions, it is not clear whether the creation of the biotechnology research units has really increased creativity and helped to improve the companyÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sales (Pharma Projects, 2007). Despite this, it is still extreme ly likely that with all the projects in the pipeline, some blockbuster drugs will emerge from the GSK labs over the next few years. However, with such high levels of research spending and short product life cycles before patents run out, is all the spending on research and the push for creativity really necessary? In many ways, the answer is no. Whilst biotechnology is going to be absolutely crucial for the future success of the pharmaceutical industry, it is not clear that GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s change in research policy is really the main reason for its success. Many see these labs as not much more than Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"window dressingÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and that the actual core of the research policy remains the same. The centres were created in response to a disastrous few years for RD within the company, and probably harbour a genuine desire to improve creativity. However, it seems that much of this is simply PR, and the research methods and practices remain the same: simply bolstered by GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s large capital resources and acquisitions of important companies and drugs. Although GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policy of acquisitions is creating success, and that some of the drugs that have come out of the research laboratories have been a success, GSK needs to do a fair amount more in order to improve its decisions regarding creativity and research. More of a focus on biotechnology and an increase in the accuracy and efficacy of internal monitoring and research is needed to allow GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research and development department to function more effectively. GSK is still relying too heavily on mergers and acquisitions that are both costly and have potential risks attached to them. This needs to be combated with a larger focus on developing new product lines to keep patents running for longer. With product life cycles short, it can be less costly to develop a new line of the same drug than to develop a new drug completely. Less trial s and tests are needed for such product lines, and they can help maintain profitability on product lines even when patents are reduced. As previously mentioned, the removal of the Augmentin patent in 2002 did have a significant effect on sales, but the newer XR and ES varieties helped combat the problem by being responsible for 35% of all new prescriptions for the drug (Maynard, 2004). In addition, GSK needs to switch its focus from relying on the purchase of drugs and companies to creating these products within their own labs. Now that they have acquired a huge research platform, they should look at refining the processes within the company itself and helping to boost creativity further. Purchasing new companies and adding resources will help in the short-term, but if those companies are not looked after and policies not in place to continue their creativity then the costs will be wasted. GSK needs to push further towards a biotechnology-style of research development, and giv e each department even more flexibility to create new products. With other biotech companies crowding the market, GSK needs to focus even more on this area in order to triumph. Indeed, many of the companyÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest successes have come through the biotechnology field in recent years. As well as Cervarix, the biotech research at GSK has helped to improve the risk benefit ratio of the drug Ziagen and helped to create the Rota virus drug Rotarix (Kalyanasundaram, S. 2005). Overall, a move towards move biotechnology research will help to increase the success of GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research department. Conclusions and Recommendations In conclusion, the biggest problems facing GSK at this time are the expiration of patents and the pressure to create new drugs and product lines in order to keep sales high and profits increasing. With GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s large capital resource base they are in an excellent position to remain leaders in the market, but there ar e a number of challenges to be faced. Whilst management decisions in recent years have helped to improve productivity and creativity within the research departments, the company still relies too heavily on the acquisitions of other companies for drug innovation. With the increase in biotechnology companies competing with GSK, it is important for them to focus more on the biotechnology research in fields such as cancer research. These areas are primed for growth and with the right setup GSK can take advantage of the market. It is recommended that GSK put in place further measures to move towards a biotechnology research company style, in order to give researchers more freedom and spawn further creativity. Acquisitions should be kept to a minimum due to their cost and potential risk, and lack of obvious long-term advantages. New product lines in existing drugs should also be looked at as an area for growth, as this will help keep the pressure off new drugs being produced and wil l increase product life spans for relatively lower costs. Bibliography Bio Portfolio, 2007, GSKÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Cervarix a future blockbuster of 2007, viewed 25th June 2007, https://www.bioportfolio.com/cgi-bin/acatalog/GSK_s_Cervarix_a_future_blockbuster_of_2007.html#a749 Dorey, Emma, 2001, GlaxoSmithKline presents a biotech faÃƒÆ'Ã‚ §ade, Nature Biotechnology 19, 294 295 (2001). GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, global site, viewed 25th June 2007, https://www.gsk.com Heffner, Steven, 2007, BioMarket Trends: Diabetes Market Opportunities Soaring, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, Jun 1 2007 (Vol. 27, No. 11), available at https://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=2117chid=0 Kalyanasundaram, S. 2005, Biotechnology in India holds a great promise in the future, Monday June 13th 2005, Biospectrum, Available at https://www.biospectrumindia.com/content/GuestColumn/10506133.asp Paton, Maynard, 2004, QUALIPORT: Glaxos Great Accounts, January 22nd 2004, available at https://www.fool.co.uk/qualiport/2004/qualiport040122.htm Pettinger, Richard, 2004, Contemporary Strategic Management, Palgrave Macmillan. Pharma Projects, 2007, Company Analysis: GlaoxSmithKline, viewed 25th June 2007, https://www.pharmaprojects.com/company_analysis/glaxosmithkline-mergers-and-acquisitions.htm

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte - 877 Words

The novel, Wuthering Heights, written by Emily BrÃƒ ¶nte, follows the stories of Catherine and Heathcliff Earnshaw. Both lived in Wuthering Heights, until Catherine went away to Thrushcross Grange and came back a changed person. The settings of Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights, throughout the novel help to display the emotions of the story, and shape the image of the people who live within them. The setting helps to describe aspects of the novel in greater depth. One of the first scenes of Wuthering Heights was described as being chaotic. The calamity was felt through the appearance of the dogs, Ã¢â‚¬Å"half-a-dozen four-footed fiends, of various sizes and ages,Ã¢â‚¬ and HeathcliffÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s yells, as well as the harsh attitude of the people in the house. These events emphasized the seemingly rudimentary character of the estate. Wuthering Heights has an appearance of openness to the world as if its owner does not wish to hide the unsightly parts of the house. Ã¢â‚¬Å"its entire anatomy lay bare to an inquiring eye, except where a frame of wood laden with oatcakes, and clusters of legs of beef, mutton and ham, concealed it.Ã¢â‚¬ This suggests that the owner, in this case Heathcliff, may think that these parts of the house add to its character and to cover them up would be to falsely present the house. Heathcliff, himself, does not hide his unrefined nature and his home refl ects this aspect of his personality. This honesty in presentation exemplifies the image of Wuthering Heights as a rustic manorShow MoreRelatedWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1555 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages2015 Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily BrontÃƒ « Introduction The novel Wuthering Heights was written in 1847 by Emily BrontÃƒ «. The plot unravels with Lockwood visiting his landlord at Wuthering Heights; as Lockwood stays the night, he starts to discover items within the home and later a fatal vision appears, which causes him great curiosity. Lockwood returns back to his residence at Thrushcross Granges and listens to the history of his landlord, Heathcliff; told by an old servant at Wuthering HeightsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1521 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesÃ‚ Wuthering Heights is Emily BrontÃƒ « s only novel. Written between October 1845 and June 1846, Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell; BrontÃƒ « died the following year, aged 30. Wuthering Heights and Anne BrontÃƒ « s Agnes Grey were accepted by publisher Thomas Newby before the success of their sister Charlotte s novel, Jane Eyre. After Emily s death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, and arranged for the edited version to be published as a posthumousRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1290 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesusually by retaliating in kind or degreeÃ¢â‚¬ (Ã¢â‚¬Å"revengeÃ¢â‚¬ ) however to Heathcliff it meant more than just to avenge himself he wanted to have everything he felt he rightfully deserved and more. Social class and revenge, are primary themes in the novel Wuthering Heights. Social class plays a considerable part in the lives and loves of the charters in the novel. Revenge is key element in the book, this twisted theme creates the whole plot line. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Children develop a strong interest in the world around them by theRead MoreWuthering Heights, by Emily BrontÃƒ «1865 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pagesdevilish, preternatural passion that tamer beings can scarcely recognize as love.Ã¢â‚¬ (Duclaux) Wuthering Heights by Emily BrontÃƒ « is considered a masterpiece today, however when it was first published, it received negative criticism for its passionate nature. Critics have studied the novel from every analytical angle, yet it remains one of the most haunting love stories of all time. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wuthering Heights is not a comfortable book; it invites admiration rather than love,Ã¢â‚¬ (Stoneman 1). The novel containsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1936 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesWuthering Heights, a novel by Emily Bronte is one of the most admired and favorable written works in English literature. When the novel was published in the year 1847, it sold very poorly and only received a minimum amount of reviews. Although the novel does not contain any sexual relations or bloodshed, it is considered to be inappropriate due to its portrayal of an unconstrained love and cruelty. Wuthering Heights is formed on the Gothic tradition in the late 18th century, which consists of supern aturalRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte553 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 2 PagesWuthering Heights: Good vs. Evil Emily BronteÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s classical literary masterpiece, Wuthering Heights, can more or less be viewed as a struggle between conventional, civilized human behavior, as well as the wild, anarchistic side that each of us humans possess, although subtly. BronteÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s piece can be summed up by the Ã¢â‚¬Å"good vs. evilÃ¢â‚¬ elements that include Wuthering Heights as opposed to Thrushcross Grange, Heathcliff vs. Edgar, and much more. These elemental set points lead to the conclusion that WutheringRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte885 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesIn Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wuthering HeightsÃ¢â‚¬ Emily Bronte vividly present the main character, Heathcliff, as misanthropist after he suffers abuse, degradation, and loses his beloved Catherine. Heathcliff, a black, orphan gipsy child, is brought to live in upper-class society by Mr. EarnshawÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s generosity. Heathcliff is an outcast in his new society. Thus, HeathcliffÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s temperament is depicted in Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wuthering HeightsÃ¢â ‚¬ as cruel, abusive, and vindictive against those who humiliated and not accepted him in society. HeathcliffRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1149 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesDuring it release in 1842, Ã¢â‚¬ËœWuthering HeightsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ by Emily Bronte was considered to be a novel of obscenity and monstrosity. The novel has the ability to adapt to a range of themes and transcend the forms of content and cultural context within the ideas of love, oppression, power and harmony. Critical readings of the text have challenged and enriched readers in a diverse array of interpretations of language and structure; forming personal meanings that have developed throughout history. England, inRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1208 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesrepair, and spark one of the most largest human motivations: vengeance. If left unnoticed, the feeling will grow inside us and consume our every thought and ruin our lives. Therefore, leaving no remorse or peace for ourselves and others. Emily BronteÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights is a book about love that turns into vengeance and hatred that goes for generations. This story revolves around Heathcliff, an unmerciful vengeful man. His desire to pay back those who have done him wrong is so extreme that he finds himselfRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1766 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesKaitlynn Keegan Ms. Causey AP Literature, Period 2 11 December 2015 Wuthering Heights Introduction In the haunting book Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, love, rejection, and revenge are the main topic points of this composition. Rejection is a very large factor in this book: Catherine rejects Heathcliff because he is poor, to marry Edgar for money, and she ends up rejecting him as well. But all that is on HeathcliffÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mind is CatherineÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s rejection of him and the revenge he wants to get on Edgar

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Description of the Macro Environment Elements. free essay sample

Macro Environment Forces An organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s macro environment consists of nonspecific aspects in the organization surrounding that have the potential to affect the organizationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s strategies. When compared to a firmÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s task environment, the impact of macro environment variables is less direct and the organization has a more limited impact on these elements of the environment. Macro environmental variable include socio-cultural, technological, political Ã¢â‚¬â€œ legal, and economic.A firm considers there variable as part of its environment scanning to better understand the threats and opportunities created by the variable and how strategic plans need to be adjusted so the firm can obtain competitive advantage. Socio Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Cultural Factors The socio-cultural dimensions of the environment consist of lifestyles, and values that characterize the society in which the firm operates. Socio Ã¢â‚¬â€œ cultural components of the environment influence the ability of the firm to obtain resources, make its goods and services, and function within the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Description of the Macro Environment Elements. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Socio Ã¢â‚¬â€œ cultural factors include anything within the context of society that has the potential to affect an organization. Population demographics, rising educational levels, norms and values, and attitude toward social responsibility are examples socio Ã¢â‚¬â€œ cultural variables. Technological Factors. Technology is another aspect of the environment a firm should consider in developing strategic plans.Changing technology may affect the demand for a firms products and services, its production processes, and raw materials. Technological changes may create new opportunities for the firm, or threaten the survival of a product, firm, or industry. Technological innovation continues to move at an increasingly rapid rate. Political And Legal Factors. The political-legal dimension of the general environment also affects business activity. The philosophy of the political parties in power influences business practices.The legal environment serves to define what organizations can and cannot do at a particular point in time. Economic Factors. Economic factors refer to the character and direction of the economic system within which the firm operates. Economic factors include the balance of payments, the state of the business cycle, the distribution of income within the population, and governmental monetary and fiscal policies. The impact of economic factors may also differ between industries.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Virtual Reality in Soccer Training

Recently, there has been an increased demand for the development of sports science. This area is recognized as an academic discipline and as a valid are of professional practice. The use of the technologies allows players to evaluate their performance by looking at the situation from a perspective of a viewer. Specifically virtual reality technologies have gained major recognition in the area of sports games, especially soccer.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Virtual Reality in Soccer Training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A variety of new applications and programs are being created for training and educating soccer players to make adequate decisions during the course of the real game. The following work will focus on the analysis of the use of Virtual Reality in the training of soccer players with the evaluation of the practices adopted by particular soccer teams. Science and Soccer In order to evaluate th e most significant sports performance parameters, scientists have come up with a variety of methods and systems. Such systems were developed to evaluate the performance in the areas of physiology, behavioral neuroscience, and biomechanics. The physiological analysis can help in understanding the human movements and their energetic costs; the behavioural neuroscience can evaluate the strategic choices players make during the game while biomechanics can offer dynamic and kinematic data for the optimization of particular movements of the players (Bideau et al. 64). Despite the fact that there has been very little empirical literature that explored the use of virtual reality technologies in field sports, a team of computer scientists from the University of Michigan have created an innovative system for training American football players using such technology. Virtual reality can offer practitioners a variety of exciting opportunities for developing realistic training stimuli in the futu re, but at present there are some technical difficulties, mainly linked to the reduction of the image quality, and practical barriers that are based on the financial aspect that ensure that video remains a preferred method of capturing the performance of players. The main bulk of research has attempted to improve the ability of players to understand the visual cues and a small amount of research have focused on trying to improve other perceptual-cognitive skills such as the ability to recognize patterns of play and to properly predict the probability of likely events.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When it comes to soccer, Williams has made an attempt to improve the abilities of players with the use of situational probabilities when predicting the destination of a pass in a soccer game. Although the process of the performance review is rather informal, relying mainly on the observation of edited match footage access, there is a scope to include more quantitative information regarding the probabilities associated with the moves and actions typically performed by forthcoming opponents. For instance, an analysis may reveal that the opposition is usually playing in a particular pattern or that the attackers are predictable in the pattern of their movement. Being aware of such points significantly improves the ability of the players to make accurate predictions when it comes to the actions of their opponents. This information can be built ob the basis of training with the use of particular practices and drills (Carling, Reilly and Williams 64). Another question to pose for scientists and practitioners is how should the effectiveness of this type of training be evaluated. The smartest solution to the issue is probably best achieved through the collaborative work of scientists and practitioners. The opinions of coaches could be gleaned before and after train ing by developing behavioral assessment scales whereas a panel of expert coaches could be used to assess anticipation and decision-making skills over a number of matches to improve objectivity and reliability, respectively. The validity of the assessment scales could be substantiated by identifying behavioral indicators of anticipation and decision-making along with quantitative and qualitative video analysis. Moreover, many sports keep seasonal records on various aspects of performance such as the proportion of penalty kicks saved, a number of pass interceptions per match or successful pass completion rates. Although it may be very difficult to apportion improvements directly to the intervention employed, data obtained using these types of records may help substantiate the validity of the training protocol. It may prove much easier to assess training improvements in more Ã¢â‚¬Ëœclosed skillÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ situations such as the penalty kick in soccer. In the latter situations, quantitativ e data on success rates usually exist, and components of performance may be examined by using modern measurement technology such as high-speed film analysis (Carling, Reilly and Williams 65). Virtual Reality Advantages Due to the fact that there are technological limitations in software and hardware, the video playback method has been the most successful and simple method in exploring playersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ behavior in a sports game, especially soccer. However, the video playback method is only limited to the viewpoint of the camera during the actual recording which results in the lack of interactivity. Virtual reality (VR) is the method of overcoming the limitations the video playback method has by offering a virtual environment with the numerical simulations (Bideau et al. 64). The concept of Virtual Reality designates a system of techniques and principles used in the design and creation of software that will change the way a person perceives the surrounding reality (Lacrama and Fera 137 ).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Virtual Reality in Soccer Training specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An important advantage of the Virtual Environment analysis is its interaction with objects in real time. Furthermore, there are devices that capture the body of the player in motion. An example of such a VR environment is the MASCARET platform designed to help soccer players practice and learn the tactics decisions during the situations close to the environment of the game. To mimic the decision-making process of professional soccer players in a real game situation, the developers of the platform created avatars. The avatars then were used for training the beginner soccer players to make practical tactical decisions by the means of presenting the tactical problems. However, the limitation of the platform was in the fact that it required a soccer player to imitate an action rather than demonstrate a particula r skill or movement required in a soccer game. According to Pasco, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Using VR technology in physical activity setting is new and is considered having great potential. One advantage of using VR is to eliminate the risk of injuries in physical training. Another advantage is to provide learners with the information that is not readily visible or available when learning in the real world, but that can play an important role in learningÃ¢â‚¬ (434). The VR Process Sherman and Craig defined Virtual Reality as Ã¢â‚¬Å"a medium composed of interactive computer simulation that senses the participantÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s position and actions and replaces or augments the feedback to one or more senses, giving the feeling of being mentally immersed or present in the simulation (a virtual world)Ã¢â‚¬ (qtd. in Krieger 1). The analysis of the playerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s performance in soccer (or other sports game) with the use of VR can be divided into three steps. The first step in this analysis is connected with the action of capturing the movements of the player in a soccer game. These actions not only create a basis for the animation of virtual players but also offer a way to compare the actions of the player in created and real situations. The second step is connected with the creation of the animations and their assimilation to particular constraints in case some modifications will be required. Lastly, the third step in the VR analysis is linked to the actual presentation of the virtual environment (Bideau et al. 64). AZ Alkmaar Experience Nowadays soccer is taking a major role in the exploration of the playerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Virtual Reality training and the analysis of their potential. An example for this is the fact that the Dutch Eredivise team AZ Alkmaar has signed a contract with a company that specializes in the reconstruction of matches in the virtual reality environment. Furthermore, Beyond Sports has also offered an option of creating a training program on the basis of the simulated matches with the use of the Oculus Rift technology (Barker par. 2).Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The team now is planning to put a focus on the Beyond SportsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ technology for the further development of their youth program. The technology will allow analyzing soccer matches on a completely innovative level. Soccer players are able to view the games from an individual perspective as well as gain new knowledge on the level that will not be possible without the technology. Thus, players will learn to criticize themselves which is an important skill in soccer (Barker par. 3). The Beyond Sports technology will create custom training scenarios side by side with the team coaches. Such interactive training scenarios will be used to educate players in accordance with the tactical ideas of their coaches (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Beyond SportsÃ¢â‚¬ par. 4). Every soccer coach will say that even if the player has the most outstanding physical abilities, bad decision-making can crack the successful soccer career aspirations. With the use of the new VR technologies, the participants of the youth progra m will not only be technically savvy but also will be trained in the decision-making process and offer young players a more versatile set of skills. Conclusion The Virtual Reality technologies offer a variety of training option in a motivational and purposeful contexts (Birrer 1). Computer technologies have made a great impact on the majority of aspects of human life. Furthermore, their influence is evident in the organization of major soccer tournaments. Such technologies have also influenced the commercial component of the game. The further technological developments should benefit for soccer coaching, coach education and entertainment at home (Reilly and Williams 282). There is no soccer coach that will argue with the fact that the decision-making aspect of the game is as important as the physical one. And while the advances in technologies that offer the option of Virtual Reality will never replace the hard work on a soccer pitch, if used in balance with each other, the results will be incredible (Rappaport par. 13). Works Cited Barker, Matt. Dutch Soccer Team to Generate Virtual Reality Game Simulations Based on Actual Game Data. 2016. Web. Beyond Sports. n.d. Web. Bideau, Benoit, Richard Kulpa, Nicolas Vignais, Sebastien Brault, and Frank Multon. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Using Virtual Reality to Analyze Sports Performance.Ã¢â‚¬ IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 16.1 (2010): 64-71. Print. Birrer, Karin, Tabea Schuler, Alexander Koenig, Lucas Zimmerli, Susan Merillat, and Lars Lunenburger. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Research Influence of Virtual Reality Soccer Game on Walking Performance in Robotic Assisted Gait Training for Children.Ã¢â‚¬ Journal of Neuro-Engineering and Rehabilitation 7.15 (2010): 1-9. Print. Carling, Christopher, Thomas Reilly, and Mark Williams. Performance Assessment for Field Sports. New York, NY: Routeledge, 2007. Print. Krieger, Aaron. The Potential of Using Virtual Reality Technology in Physical Activity Settings. 2015. Web. Lacrama, Dan, and Dorina Fera. Ã¢ â‚¬Å"Virtual Reality.Ã¢â‚¬ Computer Science Series 5.1 (2007): 137-144. Print. Pasco, Denis. Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Potential of Using Virtual Reality Technology in Physical Activity Settings.Ã¢â‚¬ Quest 65.4 (2013): 429-441. Print. Rappaport, Max. How Virtual Reality Is Changing the Way Teams Prepare for Games. 2016. Web. Reilly, Thomas, and Mark Williams. Science and Soccer 2nd ed. 2005. New York, NY: Routeledge. Print. This proposal on Virtual Reality in Soccer Training was written and submitted by user Kellen A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Virtual Reality in Soccer Training

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Comparative study of Thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen On Bernerard Shaw

Comparative study of Thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen On Bernerard Shaw Free Online Research Papers Abstract Ibsen, father of the modern drama, has influenced other playwrights not only in Scandinavia but also in all over the Europe. George Bernard Shaw is one of the greatest playwrights in the word that has been influenced by Ibsens novelty of techniques in drama. Ibsen was important to Shaw not just as a socialist, social philosopher and not exclusively because of his ideas but in wide variety of ways. This paper is a comparative study of thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen on mature Shaw. The main notification of this paper is to back up thematic influence of Ibsen on Shaw by finding the same ideas and themes in Ibsens famous play, A Dolls House, then comparing them with ideas in Shaws play, Candida. Although some Shaws critics deny that his mind was full of Ibsen, this paper challenges to prove that Shaw frequently employed Ibsens characters, problems and themes fairly in his own style and fashion. **** 1. Introduction Ibsens twenty-six plays during fifty years of writing inspired subsequent drama so purposefully that gained him the reputation of father of the modern drama. His significance was attributed to introducing the social play and realistic problem play to the stage of theater. Ibsens realistic problem play and his interest in socialism and feminism makes him one of the most continually played dramatists that had unquestionable influence on following dramatists. It seems that Bernard Shaw was the best one to pursue Ibsens problem play. Shaw transformed English theater of romantic conventions of later dramatists plays called well made plays, into theater of ideas. To Shaw the importance of great poets as Shakespeare who understood society and its implications, but writer in typical vein, is less meaningful than utilitarian talent. A Dolls House said Shaw will be as flat as ditchwater when Midsummer Night Dream will still be as flesh as paint, but it will have done more work for world and thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s enough for highest genius. Although Ibsens scholars show a little awareness of similarities between Shaw and their playwrights, the ideological influence of Ibsen on Shaw can not be neglected. The trace of Ibsenism can be followed in Shaws style, characterization and more strongly in his ideas and themes. What is important is the fact that Shaw without Ibsen couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t be Bernard Shaw that we know today. Shaws critics believe that Marx influenced him socially and Ibsen helped bring together his aesthetical and social views. Shaw admired Ibsens psychological symbolic drama and said that: If my head not been full of Ibsen, I should have less amusing. The structural and thematic influences of Ibsens play are limited in several Shaws plays. Although Shaw mentioned that some of his plays due nothing to Ibsen and even some of them were written when Shaw did know nothing about Ibsen, there are a lot of clues that some socialistic and feministic ideas that helped to shape Shaws ideas originated from Ibsen. Shaw wrote to Daily Chronicle on the question that whether his dramatic works were due to the influence of Ibsen and De Maupassant: do not let us the cry of Ibsen whenever we find a modern idea in a play. After Shaws acquaintance with Ibsen, his ideas flow his way toward what was in the mind of Ibsen. Therefore Shaws latter plays are touched Ibsens idea, and the presence of Ibsens effect on Shaws literary themes is undeniable. 2. Comparing the Plots: Women in Dilemma Since this paper intends to challenge thematic influence of Ibsen on Bernard Shaw, two plays, A Dolls House and Candida are chosen to prove this claim. Nora Helmer, heroine in Ibsens play, is a quiet immature woman who suddenly recognizes that her martial situation happens to be a life lie. Finding the truth in her marriage life, she struggles to find her liberty and she knows that she have to experience real life to gain her freedom. Thus, she is in dilemma to leave her ingratitude husband and her family behind to gain experience or continue living in a home where she is treated like a doll in. Finally, she decides to choose a proper way and sets herself free from the bounds to assure discovering herself. Bernard Shaw made some comment about Nora: The moment she [Nora] leaves her home is the moment her life begins. The idea of a modern woman in dilemma of finding truth about herself and to be loyal to the norms and conventions of the society first introduced by Ibsen in his plays while years later Shaw proposed it skillfully and more evolved in different situation in his dramas. Shaws Candida is set with the parallel story and theme that is upside down with Ibsens. Candida is a name for a woman who is in dilemma of choosing between her husband and a lover. Shaw himself in a note to London performance of Candida wrote: The surprise in Candida a counterblast to Ibsens A Dolls House, showing that in a real typical Dolls House it is a man who is doll. After A Dolls House is the reverse of Candida. 3. Emancipated Woman The emancipated woman is a theme Ibsen was greatly involved with in his works. Women in major works of Ibsen like Rebecca West in Rosemersholm, Loan Hessel in Pillars of Society and Nora Helmer in A Dolls House are figures regarded as emancipated women in different levels. Nora Helmer is a typical Ibsens character of nineteen century middle class family who sacrifices herself to save her husbands life, but her husband doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t care for her sacrifice. Nora who has been treated like a doll in her marriage life awakens at the end of the play and finds herself tied to family bounds and conventional duties of a wife imposed upon her by society and the male dominated society. Ibsen proposes the idea when Nora is in a big dilemma of setting herself free from bounds of family conventions to experience real life and discovering truth about self, or staying at the same house with his family. Attacking the conventional standards of the society, Ibsen shows the process of emancipation of a woman when Nora finally decides to set her journey up to leave family and discover the truth about herself. Ibsen himself in a note about this play says: A woman can not be herself in contemporary society, it is an exclusive male society with law drafted by men, and with counsel and judges who judge feminine conduct from the male point of view. Shaw was got interested in plays of his Norwegian counterpart specially A Dolls House because he was considering them as modern play. He loved the discussion scene at the end of the play and utilized it in his drama, Candida. Nora and Candida has many characteristic in common. Later is considered as an emancipated woman because she is a wise man with great soul who tries to offer love to a young poet in order to make him abandon the impure love of another bad woman; however, the society and her husband do not accept this innocent mocking love. Her goodness and purity leads her to search for reality and truth in her life when she is in dilemma of choosing her lover and her husband. Informed of the striking similarities between his drama and Ibsens as a result of influence, Shaw wrote in a note to London production of Candida the following: The surprise in Candida forty years ago was its turning the table on A Dolls House. For though the cards arenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t packed against the husband as they were in Ibsens play, and he is questionably a genuine good fellow of high character and unselfish spirit, yet it is shown irresistibly that domestically he is the poet and doll, and that is his wife who runs the establishment and makes all his public triumph possible. Confessing that his drama, Candida, is a counterblast to Ibsens A Dolls House, Shaw put a woman on the stage who is resemblance to Nora in the way she is in dilemma about choosing and she finds out truths about her marriage life. The only difference is that this is Marchbanks, the young poet, who lives the house at night. Both women characters in the plays are in dilemma of opposing norms and conventions of society and marriage to find their identity and know themselves or stick on to their life lie. Therefore, ShawÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s connection to Ibsen and his influence on Shaws ideas and thoughts is vivid both in characterization and in themes. 4. Unwomanly Woman Shaw in his book Quintessence of Ibsenism mentions some points about technical novelty in Ibsens plays and using conflicts of characters for special purposes in his plays. Bernard Shaw is concerned with the external, social conflict between characters instead of tension and internal struggle that we see in most of Ibsens work. According to Shaw the dramas rise through a conflict of ideas rather than a misunderstanding, ambiguity, treachery or ambitions and conflict is not always between the hero and villain, as you see in Candida or A Dolls House there is no obvious hero or villain. Of course Shaw does not see the plays of Ibsen as a kind of socialist judgment on marriage law or the position of women, but he believes that external conflicts of characters are very noticeable because they show their struggle toward their aims that are freedom and liberty. Shaw continues in his book that his Norwegian counterparts typical play is one in which the leading woman is an unwomanly woman and the villain is an idealist. What is presumed from his statements is that Ibsen is imprecisely turning the norms and conventions of the society, surrounding the life a woman, overturned. To understand Ibsens image of an Unwomanly Woman one must think over his definition about Womanly Woman that can elaborate the concept of New Woman. A Womanly Woman is one who rejects her womanliness and clinches to her duty to her husband, children, to the society, to the law and everyone except herself. Thus, the woman is an immediate slave of duty and an indirect slave of man. The ideal woman is one who does everything that the ideal husband likes and if a woman dares face to fact that she is treated like this, as a doll like Nora, she either opposes herself or almost rebels like most of Ibsens women characters. Unwomanly Woman, on the other hand, is the emancipated woman who has revolt against the conventional family and marriage life and worst than all against a male dominated society. Shaw in his lecture to Fabian society about a woman with the same name of Womanly Woman mentions the same point: Womans duty to herself is no duty at all, therefore woman has repudiated altogether. In that repudiation lays her freedom; for it is false to say that woman is now directly the salve of man: she is immediate slave of duty; and as mans pass to freedom is strewn with the wreckage of duties and ideals he has trampled on, so must hers be. Ibsen, of course, doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t look forward to that all women like Nora should act what she did, but he intends to show that the position of women in the society is going to find a new aspect. The concept of Unwomanly Woman or new woman is surely a major theme in Shaws major works specially Candida that is a result of Ibsens impact on Shaws idea. Candida, as Shaw describes her, is a woman of thirty, well built, well nourished, likely on guesses to become matronly later on, but now quiet on her best with double charm of youth and motherhood. She is the best wife for a person like Morell, but he is not the best husband for her and this is all that Marchbanks, her lover, wants to say. Morell who is a preacher speaks rather than listen, so he understands less than a man should. In the second act when Candida talks to Morell taking into account her regret that she couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t teach love to Marchbanks, she realizes that her husband understands nothing from her words. Candida: DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t you understand? (He shakes his hand. She turns to him again, so as explain with the fondest intimacy) I mean, will he forgive me for not teaching him myself? For abandoning him to the bad woman for the sake of my goodness, of my purity, as you call it? Ah James how little you understand me, to talk of your confidence in my goodness and purity! I would give them both to poor Eugene [Marchbanks] as willingly as I would give him my shawl to beggar dying of cold, if there were nothing else to restrain me. Put your trust in my love for you, James; for if that went, I should care very little for your sermons: more phrases that you cheat yourself and others with everyday. ( she is about to rise). Morell: His words Candida: (checking herself quickly in the act of getting up) whose words? Morell: Eugenes Candida: (delighted) He is always right. He understands you, he understands me; He understands Prossy; and you darling, you understand nothing. Candida offers Eugene pure motherhood love which symbolizes with the clothes that she endows to beggar to protect him from dying of cold; Although, society doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t differentiate pure motherhood love with the other ones. As one can grasp from comparison, Ibsen is significant to Shaw for many reasons. The best ones are ideas concerning exploiting women and the right to live ones own life for women which are originally offered by Ibsen and valued by Shaw skillfully. 5. Criticizing Idealism Considering marriage community, Bernard Shaw in his book about Ibsen, Quintessence of Ibsenism, categories people into three different groups. Counting them out of one thousand, he set seven hundreds in Philistine seat, those who are satisfied with their marriage life, two hundreds ninety nine are called realists and just one remains as an idealist. In both plays there are list of characters that can be ranked as mentioned above. Helmer and Trovald both are idealist men when Nora and Candida can be called Philistine at the beginning of the play because at the end they are enlightened. Mrs. Linde in A Dolls House, and Marchbanks in Candida both are realists who see the truth. Mrs. Linde doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t let Korgstad to take his letter back and Noras secret is divulged to Trovald and Marchbanks is a lover who believes Morell doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t deserve such a good wife as Candid. Presence of two idealist husbands in both plays by Shaw and Ibsen besides characters that can be labeled Philistines and realists show the striking ideological similarities between dramatists. However this can be considered as firm evidence to prove that notion that Shaw has borrowed the idea from Ibsen originally and furnished it skillfully with a theoretical assumption in a book contains studying Ibsen. In both plays, Candida and A Dolls House, husbands are described idealist men who evidently powerful manly husbands are offering their protection and support to their wives although reality is totally different. At the end of the play they both figure out that they are neither powerful nor protective or even supportive. Torvald at the last act of the play says Nora: only lean on me Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I have wings to shield you. The dramatic irony expressed by Ibsen has its clue in the first act when Nora explains Mrs. Linde that how painful and humiliating it would be for her husband, Trovald, with his manly self-sufficiency to know that he awed anything to her. In the other hand, Morell offers more or less the same protection to his wife Cnadida, telling her: Morell: I have nothing to offer you but my strength for your defense, my honesty for your surety, my ability and industry for your livelihood, and my authority and position for your dignity. This is all becomes a man to offer to woman. Shaw uses the situational irony at the end of the play when Candida announces that she intends to devote herself to the weaker man because he needs protection and that is her husband, Morell. Shaw has used the same idea of attacking an idealist at the end of the play when Morell finds out that he has been chosen not because of his manly offer but because his wife considers him weaker and deserves sympathy and protection. The way the both plays end is another validation to prove the claim for thematic influence of Ibsen on Shaw. The curtains are down in both plays sooner than a discussion scene told by women appears as regularly at the end of each play concerning the weakness of an idealist husband. The scene is followed by leaving a character at night to seek his or her identity outside the conventional world of family. Nora finds out truth about her life and leaves the family to search the reality. At the same time, Shaw describes Marchbanks departure at night to find truth with a secret in his heart. As a result, as we have seen Ibsens play clearly is served as one of Shaws models to write Candida. William Raymond about the end of the play declares that: A major weakness in Candida I feel, is that Marchbanks transformation at the end of the play is too abrupt; it isnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t easy for us to accept, on the basis of what he has gone before his declaration in act three. I no longer desire happiness an d his decision to gout into the night. The explanation of this abruptness could have something to do with Ibsen. Shaw himself at the end of his preface to three plays for puritans declares, I am a crow who has followed many ploughs. He continues that he is echoing Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Ibsen, Tolstoy and some other heresiarch in Europe. End Notes Bernard Dukore,(ed), Mac Graw Hill, Encyclopedia of world drama, Vol.23, New York, 1946, pp. 338-421. J.L.Wisenthal, Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 38. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, p. J.L.Wisenthal, Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 52. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, p. 68. Warren. S. Smith, Bernard Shaws plays with background and criticism, Norton critical edition, New York, 1970, p. John Northan, Ibsen, A critical study: A DollÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s House Characterization, Cambridge universitypress, London, 1973, p.42-50 James Macfarlane, The Cambridge companion of Ibsen, Cambridge university press, London, 1994, p. 79. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, pp. 52-63 .L.Wisenthal, Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 98. Edward R. Pease, The History of Fabian Society, The Hamlyn Publishing group, London, 1975. George Bernard Shaw, Candida, acII, p.23 Krogstad is a lawyer who went to school with Torvald and holds a subordinate position at Torvalds bank. He is a man from whom Nora has borrowed money to save her husband but her forgery is reported to Torvald by Korgstad who asks Nora to enforce her husband to overlook his forgery at the bank. Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House, act II, p. 66 George Bernard Shaw, Candida, acII, p.26 Raymond Williams, Modern Tragedy, Stanford University press, California, 1985, p.15. Richard Nickson, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, pp. 79-92 References Bradbrook, Muried, Ibsen the Norwegian, New Edition, Hamden and Conn press, London, 1965. Brandet, George.W.,(ed). Modern Theories of Drama. A selection of writing drama and theory by different writers, Oxford university press, London, 1990. Bernard Dukore,(ed), Mac Graw Hill, Encyclopedia of world drama, Vol.23, New York, 1946, pp. 338-421. Davidson, Clifford, (ed). Drama in Twenties century, comparative and critical essays by different essayists, A.M.S press, New York, 1984. Ibsen, Henrik, A DollÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s House, Prestwick House Literary Touchstone Press, London, 1910. Innes. C.D.,The Cambridge companion to George Bernard Shaw, Cambridge university press, London,1998. Lyons, Charles, R., ed. Critical Essays on Henrik Ibsen, Princeton hall, 1963. Macfarlane, James, The Cambridge companion of Ibsen, Cambridge university press, London, 1994, p. 79. Northan, John, Ibsen, A critical study, Cambridge university press, London, 1973. Nickson, Richard, G.B.Shaws Candida, monarch notes press Paterson college state, London, 1970, p. 68-83. Richards, Shaun, Cambridge companion to twentieth-century Irish drama, Cambridge university press, London, 2004. Shaw, G.B, Candida, Penguin books Ltd, New York, 1952. Smith, Warren. S., Bernard Shaws plays with background and criticism, Norton critical edition, New York, 1970. Wisenthal, L., Shaw and Ibsen, The Quintessence of Ibsenism, University of Toronto press, London, 1979, p. 38.189 Williams, Raymond, Modern Tragedy, Stanford University Press, California, 1985, pp.15-64 -, Drama from Ibsen to Brechet, Penguin books, New York, 1983. Research Papers on Comparative study of Thematic influence of Henrik Ibsen On Bernerard ShawHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment

Essay on ECONOMICS The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of Unemployment Essay on ECONOMICS: The Challenges of UnemploymentUnemployment is a form of manifestation of macroeconomic instability expressed in excess of supply over demand of labor, when the economically active population is not engaged in economic activity in the country despite active search for job and willingness to work. Obviously, with the incomplete use of the available manpower resources economic system works not reaching its production capacity limits, and any economic growth in the country is out of the question. Thus, unemployment entails a significant reduction in potential gross product and national income. According to OkunÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s law the increase in actual unemployment by 1% compared to its natural rate leads to 2.5% loss of GNP, which further manifests in the reduction of total consumption, savings and investment, general increase of social burden and uneven distribution of unemployment costs among different population groups, and overall reduction of householdsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ welfar e (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 82). In addition, the rise in unemployment causes worsening of crime situation, worsening of growth dynamics of public interest in labor, as well as loss of qualifications of able-bodied citizens.By the end of 2013 there were nearly 202 million unemployed in the world, that is, about five million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 90). This especially harmed 74.5 million young people aged 15 to 24, which is a million more than in the previous year (Nattrass, 2014, p. 91). If governments continue to do nothing and do not deal with the crisis of youth employment, stagnant unemployment and other problems of the labor market, this may lead to further social tensions. Thus, unemployment is currently one of the most serious challenges that contemporary economies must overcome. Further in this paper, we will examine the main types of unemployment and produce recommendations on preventing the development of factors causing them.Major types of une mploymentAll working-age population that is not working, but is looking for job is considered unemployed. The criteria for distinguishing the types of unemployment, as a rule, are the reasons for it.Thus, involuntary or unemployment of expectations occurs when an employee is able and willing to work at a given wage, but cannot find a job. The reason is the imbalance in the labor market due to the inflexibility of wages (due to laws on minimum wages, trade union demands, raising wages to improve the quality of labor, etc.). When the real wage is above the level corresponding to the balance of supply and demand, labor supply exceeds demand. Number of applicants for a limited number of jobs increases, and the chance of real employment decreases, which increases unemployment rate. Varieties of involuntary unemployment include cyclic (caused by repetitive production decline in the country or region), seasonal (depends on fluctuations in the level of economic activity during the year, cha racteristic of some specific sectors of the economy), and technological (related to mechanization and automation of production, which resulted in part of labor power becoming superfluous, or requiring a higher skill level (Verhaar Jansma, 2014). In turn, voluntary unemployment is related to the reluctance of people to work, for example under conditions of reduced wages. Voluntary unemployment increases during economic boom and decreases in recession. Also, there is a concept of Ã¢â‚¬Å"unemployment trapÃ¢â‚¬ , when a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s income do not differ much, regardless of whether one works or not (due to deprivation of the right to appropriate compensation and fringe benefits, as well as significant payments of insurance premiums, etc.), which reduces a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s interest to employment (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 128).One of the key types of unemployment is structural unemployment which is caused by structural changes in the economy, such as changes in the structure of demand for products of different industries, consumer goods and production technologies, elimination of obsolete industries and professions (Nattrass, 2014). As a result, the structural mismatch occurs between the skills of the unemployed and demands of the available vacancies. This means that people who have a profession and skill levels that do not meet modern requirements and current industry structure, being laid off, cannot find a job. Together with frictional unemployment, structural unemployment forms a natural unemployment, which is compatible with the state of full employment, and the actual amount of production in this case is equal to the potential (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 98). Here, frictional unemployment implies unemployment associated with the process of changing jobs, i.e. voluntary abandonment of one job and the search for another. Frictional unemployed include the dismissed or ones who quit their job, pending restoring at previous job or having found a new job, but who have not started it. Frictional unemployment is a phenomenon not only inevitable but also desirable, as it promotes a more rational allocation of labor and higher productivity.In addition, OECD experts (2010) distinguish institutional unemployment emerging in the case of state or unions intervention in setting the size of wage rates that differ from those that could be generated in the natural market economy, as well as marginal unemployment of poorly protected population layers and the lower classes, in particular unemployment among women, youth unemployment in a group of 18-25-year-olds, and unemployment among people with disabilities. Another serious problem is the presence of hidden unemployment as opposed to registered one, when the unemployment of potential workers is not reflected in official statistics. For example, as a result of production decline, labor force is often not used fully, but is not dismissed either. In latent unemployment, formally employed actually become u nemployed persons. In addition, there is a separate layer of individuals wanting to work, but not registered as unemployed. Partly, hidden unemployment is represented by people who stopped looking for work (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 156).The reduction of unemployment is an extremely challenging task namely due to the existence of a variety of its types. Theoretically, it is not possible to develop a common way of dealing with unemployment, and therefore any state is forced to use different methods to solve this problem, some of which are discussed below.Overcoming unemploymentCommon to all types of unemployment measures include creation of new jobs by stimulating small and large businesses, and establishment of labor exchanges and other types of employment services (Verhaar Jansma, 2014; OECD, 2010; Blustein et al., 2012). However, in general, effective implementation of methods to overcome unemployment requires identifying the factors that determine the supply and demand of labor for each particular form of unemployment.Thus, for example, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this (OECD, 2010, p. 41). It is obvious that if the unemployed does not have information on existing vacancies, one cannot get a job. To solve this problem there are labor exchanges, employment centers and other similar private or public organizations. Equally important are the systematic studies of the labor market, including the study of the structure of employment in the labor market of public entities, registered unemployment problems, problems of interaction between employees and employers, employment problems of certain categories of the population, organizational problems of employment service and its individual directions. In addition, various job fairs, open days and similar events can be held to increase awareness.Fighting structural unemployment involves transformation of more complex mechanisms like providing opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as protectionist measures to protect the domestic market (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010). In particular, protectionist measures help protect undeveloped and inefficient sectors of the economy of the country, reducing unemployment caused by the defeat of the enterprises in the competition. At the same time, as Blustein et al. (2012, p. 349) rightly note, this eventually reduces the competitiveness of national companies, undermines international trade, and monopolizes production leading to various negative consequences for the economy. Therefore, more efficient are the methods of economic diplomacy that also focuses on the development of the domestic market, but alongside is promoting national products in the foreign market, supporting investment projects in other countries and attracting foreign investment, providing the best terms of trade in fo reign markets (McBride Mustchin, 2013; OECD, 2010).In addition, the development of vocational education and training of public services allows workers to improve their skills, thereby adapting them to changes in the labor market. Particular attention should be paid to scarce occupations and professions (McBride Mustchin, 2013, p. 346). The disadvantage of this method is that it does not give quick results and increases inequality among workers, since the probability to get education increases in accord with the current job position (Nattrass, 2014, p. 92). Besides, unemployment caused by the decline in production and a sharp increase in the working population cannot be reduced in this way (OECD, 2010, p. 45).The major means of combating cyclical unemployment are implementation of stabilization policy aimed at preventing the deep recessions of production and, consequently, mass unemployment, as well as creation of additional jobs in the public sector (McBride Mustchin, 2013; Blust ein et al., 2012). Direct job creation through public spending is often formed by execution of public interest work, for example, in the field of environmental protection, road and railway construction, clearing debris from places of residence and so on. This approach is part of the Keynesian model of the economy, and it proved to be effective during the Great Depression in the United States. In total, in the 1933-1939 in the United States the number of employees in public works for the construction of canals, roads, and bridges reached 4 million people (Verhaar Jansma, 2014, p. 183).An important aspect in overcoming unemployment, particularly voluntary and hidden, is holding indirect labor market policy aimed at the formation of a certain attitude to unemployment in society, and smoothing its negative effects, as McBride and Mustchin (2013, p. 343) mark. Administrative employment regulation should include the ensuring of legal protection of employees, using of alternative forms of employment, developing unemployment insurance system, simplifying registration of the unemployed at employment services, strengthening guarantees in terms of payment for work and addressing arrears of wages, as well as introduction of effective protection system for wage workers through the mechanism of social partnership (Blustein et al., 2012; OECD, 2010; Nattrass, 2014). Here, in addition of flexible and non-traditional forms of employment providing the possibility or works to choose the optimal working schedule, it is also necessary to use the world experience of job-sharing and work-sharing in time and space. In turn, the system of social partnership is designed to provide negotiation to determine the minimum wage, and in some cases Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to establish criteria for increasing wages at the industry or company level within the framework of the national policy of income and employment.ConclusionSince unemployment is a serious macroeconomic problem and an indicator of macroecono mic instability, the state must take measures to fight it. However, ways to overcome unemployment are directly depend on the unemployment types, because they are caused by different reasons. In our view, the factor-based policy is one of the most effective, as it interprets unemployment in the full range of its manifestations. In particular, measures to deal with frictional unemployment primarily include the improvement of the information supply system for the labor market and creation of special services for this, while structural unemployment involves the provision of wide opportunities for training and retraining of the unemployed, as well as economic diplomacy measures aimed at domestic market protection and attraction of investments. Cyclical and hidden unemployment could be prevented through the mechanism of administrative regulation, development of social partnership system and creation of additional jobs in the public sector.At the same time, individual events cannot complet ely eliminate the risk of unemployment and its growth: this can be achieved only in the overall improvement of the economic situation in the country. Therefore, the national policy to combat unemployment should focus on the long term, providing not only population employment, but also stable economic growth.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

What factors determines use of a certain device Research Proposal

What factors determines use of a certain device - Research Proposal Example The independent variable will be measured using the coefficient associated with regression of the objector data to be measured. According to Marshall, Data will be collected using mixed methods approach. Data collection tools will include: Key informant interviews, observation and questionnaires. An example of the questions that will be asked involves, According to Ingersoll, Data will be analyzed using contingent tables. The application of the chi-square statistic is used to assess the relationship between the two variables. The investigator takes the observed frequency (O) and compares it to the expected frequency (E) and combined using the following formula. The importance of this study is to understand the factors that determine the use of a device. The results of this study will confirm the already existing data, add to that data or provide new knowledge in the field. This will promote more research in the field and the public and the government will be more interested to know the findings. The plan for this project is as follows: presentation of the research topic, preparation and presentation of the proposal, data collection, data analysis, documentation and final presentation of the